Run by the Society for Science, Regeneron STS asks students to submit an original scientific research paper (up to 20 pages) along with essays, recommendations, and transcripts — not a short-answer application. Finalists travel to Washington, D.C. to present their work and compete for awards ranging into six figures.
This is a serious undertaking that assumes you already have (or are working on) an independent research project — it’s less “apply and see” and more the culmination of research you’ve been doing, possibly through a summer program like the ones listed under Internships & Research on this site.
Note the early deadline: applications close in early November, months before most other scholarship and competition deadlines.